Biography of foreign scientists

In short, humanity develops only thanks to science. Today, their discoveries and inventions are perceived as something granted, but at one time they changed the appearance of the world. We congratulate all scientists on this holiday and want to recall the names of polytechnics, the contribution of which is truly great to the development of world science and technology. Today we decided to remind you of the revolutionary discoveries and inventions of our scientists, whose names are immortalized in the annals of world science.

And this is far from an exhaustive list of scientists who are proud of Polytech! His studies in this area were the theoretical basis of modern rocket -dynamics. At the opening of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, it was Professor Meshchersky who gave the first lecture to students of technical faculties. He was the head of the Department of Theoretical Mechanics from the day of its founding and played a huge role in the production of teaching theoretical mechanics not only in our country, but throughout the world.

Meshchersky sought to bring teaching to the needs of engineering practice, together with the team of the department, he created a “Collection of problems in theoretical mechanics” and introduced practical classes of students to solve problems. The most diverse branches of this science owe him to fundamental discoveries and deep research. Zelinsky is the founder of the doctrine of heterogeneous organic catalysis, a teacher of several generations of chemists and the creator of the world's first universal coal gas mask, which was discovered by him while working at the Polytechnic Institute.

Mikhail Andreevich Shatelen is the first professor of electrical engineering, creator of electrical education in Russia and active participant in the country's electrification, inextricably linked with the history of the formation and development of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. Shatelna was invited to the Polytechnic Minister of Finance as a professor, and later the dean of the electromechanical department.

All subsequent life and activities of the scientist were closely connected with the Polytechnic Institute. Shatelin created a group of laboratories, set a general course of electrical engineering, wrote “Lectures on Electrical Engineering”. However, scientific and desk activity was not limited to the interests of only the electromechanical department. With its assistance, the mechanical and engineering and construction departments were opened.

In addition, Shatelenen organized the first high voltage laboratory in Russia and an experimental power line of high voltage and a museum reflecting the history of electrical engineering was created. He managed to unite young teachers around him, interested them with new specialties, instructed the preparation of special courses in individual fields. Among the students and followers of Shatlen were many famous electromechanics.

Ivan Grigoryevich Bubnov is an outstanding bribery engineer, a mechanic, a mathematician, one of the authors of the project of the first Russian submarine, and 32 submarines were built on his projects. For the first time, they determined the main problems when calculating the elements of the ships hull and general and private methods of solving these problems were proposed. The classification of loads acting on the ship, which he proposed, laid the basis for the development of a new direction in shipbuilding - shipbuilding mechanics, and a new method of testing submarines in a submedimented state is also actively used in our time.

Bubnov generously shared his experience with youth, being a teacher and lectures at the Shipbuilding Department of the Polytechnic. The scientist developed the theory of stability of elastic systems, developed the variational principles of elastic theory and applied them in solving various engineering problems. Tymoshenko is one of the most outstanding figures not only in the field of the resistance of materials, but also in other technical and even humanities.

The list of his discoveries, research and work will be taken by more than one sheet of paper. For some time, the scientist worked in the mechanical laboratory of the Polytechnic Institute. His works are relevant and used today, and the textbooks written by him are translated into many foreign languages. Abram Fedorovich Ioffe was a professor at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, where he organized the physico-mechanical faculty for the training of physicists.

Under the leadership of A. Joffe, future Nobel laureates began their scientific activity. The scientist made many fundamental discoveries and conducted a huge number of studies in the field of electronics: he studied the properties of semiconductor materials, opened the rectifier property of the transition of metal-display, which later explained using the theory of the tunnel effect, and suggested the possibility of converting light into electric current.

He came to work at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute as an assistant professor, later chosen a professor at the economic department of the institute, and soon his dean. In the center of the socio-journalistic work of Timashev stood the theme of Russia, its history, place, fate and purpose.The scientist wrote about the phenomena of Russian history, discussed the foundations of civilizations and cultures of Russia and the West.

Timashev’s contemporaries spoke of his valuable contribution not only to sociology, but also to anthropology, ethics and psychology, and political sciences. The scientist subjected Einstein's concept deeply justified and very significant criticism. He denied the opinion that the general theory of relativity requires recognition of the limb of space, and demonstrated that Einstein’s equations do not lead to the only model of the universe.

In addition, Friedman is one of the founders of dynamic meteorology. He also dealt with the application of the theory of physical processes in the atmosphere to aeronautics. Unfortunately, Friedman was not destined to survive until the time of its discovery became clear. Now the name of this great scientist has a crater on the back of the moon. One of the founders of low temperatures and physics of strong magnetic fields.

In the year, for the opening of the phenomenon of liquid helium, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. Kapitsa founded the Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in collaboration proposed a method for determining the magnetic moment of the atom, established the law of the linear increase in the electrical resistance of a number of metals, depending on the voltage of the magnetic field, the Law of the Kapitsa, created new methods of liquefaction of hydrogen and helium, and developed a method of liquefaction of air using a turbocepher.

Kapitsa developed the general theory of electronic appliances of the magnetron type, received a continuous generators - Planetotron and Nigotron. A natural scientist, the discoveries of which determined the development of a number of the most important areas of chemistry and physics. The main scientific achievements include the quantitative theory of chemical chain reactions, the theory of thermal explosion, the combustion of gas mixtures.

These discoveries belong to the largest scientific events of the XX century. The first question that Semenov began to deal with a year was the problem of gases ionization. Also, Semenov co -authored with Peter Kapitsa proposed a way to measure the magnetic moment of the atom in a heterogeneous magnetic field. Part -time was a professor at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute.

Semenov’s works, his pedagogical and social activities received recognition of the domestic and world community, he was awarded the highest award of the Academy of Sciences - the Golden Medal them. Mikhail Ilyich Koshkin went down in history as the creator of the legendary tank T, who became not only a new word in this type of military equipment, but also made a coup in world tank building.

Unfortunately, Koshkin himself did not have time to find out what legendary fate was prepared for his brainchild. By a decree of the President of the USSR for outstanding merits in strengthening the defense power of the Soviet state and a great personal contribution to the creation of a tank to the chief designer Koshkin posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, and T became a symbol of victory in the Great Patriotic War.

The main business of Kurchatov’s life was the development of solutions to scientific and technical problems of mastering nuclear energy. He strove to ensure that the discoveries in the field of use of atomic energy were put at the service of mankind, and not for universal destruction. The scientist made an exceptional contribution to history, in a short time, creating a nuclear shield of the Soviet Union and a program for using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

Ioffe and N. To work on the implementation of a nuclear-malign program under his leadership, the best physicists of the USSR were involved. In the situation of the strictest secrecy, work was carried out, ending with the test of Soviet atomic and hydrogen bombs. In subsequent years, Khariton worked on reducing the weight of nuclear charges, increasing their power and increasing reliability.

For exceptional merits in the field of creating domestic atomic weapons, Yulia Borisovich was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times. During the training at the hydroaviation department of the Faculty of LPI, the young Antonov has already created training glider. Under the leadership of the scientist, transport, multi -purpose aircraft and passenger aircraft were created, in his entire life he designed 74 models of aircraft.

During his life, very little was known about space rays and almost nothing was known about primary cosmic rays, as a result of which they became the subject of his scientific research during training in graduate school.

Later, the scientist conducted high -rise studies of space rays, led experiments on the study of space rays in the first artificial Earth satellites and automatic interplanetary stations. The result of these experiments was the largest discovery - the detection of the external radiation zone of the Earth. Covering the wide range of natural and humanities, Budyko’s scientific works are devoted mainly to human interaction with the environment, that is, with the Earth's biosphere.The scientist revealed a current trend in climate changes in the USSR and the entire northern hemisphere, and also developed new physical methods based on thermal balance, which were quickly adopted by climatologists around the world.