Tolstoy biography Composition

In the X years, he wrote his first big novel, “War and Peace”. In the year, Tolstoy began work on the second of his most famous books, Anna Karenina. He continued to write fiction throughout the 10th and 10ths. One of his most successful late works is “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”. Tolstoy died on November 20, Astapovo, Ryazan province. The first years of his life, the future writer Lev Nikolaevich was the youngest of four boys.

In the year, when the mother of Tolstoy, the nee Princess Volkonskaya, died, her father’s cousin took over the care of children. Their father, Count Nikolai Tolstoy died after seven years, and their aunt was appointed guardian. After the death of Aunt Tolstoy, his brothers and sisters moved to a relative, to Kazan. Although Tolstoy survived a lot of losses at an early age, he later idealized his children's memories in his work.

Tolstoy received the initial education of the house, French and German teachers were engaged in it. In the year, he entered the Faculty of Oriental Languages ​​at the Imperial Kazan University. Lev Nikolaevich could not succeed as a student, his low ratings forced him to switch to a lighter law faculty. But later, Tolstoy eventually left him in a year, without a degree.

He returned to the estate of his parents, where he was going to engage in farming. Since he was too often absent to Tula and Moscow, and this undertaking ended in failure. What he really succeeded in was the maintenance of his own diary - it was this habit, long in his life, inspired Leo Tolstoy to most of his works. During the work of Tolstoy on the farm, his elder brother, Nikolai, during his army vacation, came to visit.

Nikolai convinced his brother to join the army as a cadet, south to the Caucasian mountains, where he himself was serving. Later in November, Tolstoy was transferred to Sevastopol, where he took part in the Crimean war in August. The early publications during the years of his cadet in the army had a lot of free time. In calm periods, he worked on an autobiographical story called "Childhood".

In it, he wrote about his favorite memories from childhood. In the year, Tolstoy sent a story to Contemporary, the most popular magazine of that time. The story was joyfully accepted, and he became the first publication of Tolstoy. After the end of the story “Childhood”, Tolstoy began to write about his daily life in an army outpost in the Caucasus.

The “Cossacks” work begun in the army, he finished only in the year, after he had already left the army. Surprisingly, Tolstoy managed to continue to write during active battles in the Crimean war. At this time, he wrote “adolescence”, a continuation of “Childhood”, a second book in an autobiographical trilogy. In the midst of the Crimean war, Tolstoy expressed his opinion about the amazing contradictions of the war through the trilogy of the works “Sevastopol Stories”.

In the second book of Sevastopol Stories, he experimented with a relatively new technique: part of the story is presented in the form of a narrative on behalf of a soldier. After the end of the Crimean war, Tolstoy left the army and returned to Russia. Returning home, the blooming author was in great demand on the literary stage of St. Petersburg. Stubborn and arrogant, Tolstoy refused to belong to any particular philosophical school.

Declaring himself an anarchist, he left for Paris in the year. Once there, he lost all his money and was forced to return home to Russia. He also managed to publish Yunost, the third part of the autobiographical trilogy, in the year. Returning to Russia in the year, Tolstoy published the first of the 12 numbers of the thematic magazine Yasnaya Polyana.

In the same year, he married the daughter of a doctor named Sofya Andreevna Bers. Living the main novels in Yasnaya Polyana with his wife and children, Tolstoy spent mostly of the 10th years by working on his first famous novel “War and Peace”. Part of the novel was first published in the “Russian Herald” in the year, under the name “Year”. By the year, he released three more chapters.

A year later, the novel was completely completed. And critics and the public were buzzing about the historical justice of the Napoleonic wars in the novel, combined with the development of stories of his thoughtful and realistic, but still fictional characters.

The novel is also unique in that it includes three long satirical essays on the laws of history. Among the ideas that Tolstoy is trying to convey in this novel, there is a belief that the situation in society and the meaning of human life are mainly derived from its daily activities. After the success of the War and Peace, in the year, Tolstoy began work on the second of his most famous books, Anna Karenina.

It was partially based on the real events of the Russian war with Turkey.Like “War and Peace”, this book describes some biographical events from the life of Tolstoy, this is especially noticeable in the romantic relationship between the characters of Kiti and Levin, which, as they say, resemble Tolstoy’s courtship for his own wife. The first sentence of Anna Karenina is one of the most famous lines of the book: "All happy families are similar to each other, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." The fees that Tolstoy received for the novel rapidly enriched him.

Appeal to faith, despite the success of Anna Karenina, Tolstoy experienced a spiritual crisis and was depressed. Trying to understand the meaning of life, Tolstoy first turned to the Russian Orthodox Church, but did not find answers to his questions there. He came to the conclusion that the Christian churches were corrupt and, instead of an organized religion, promoted their own beliefs.

He decided to express these beliefs, having founded a new edition under the name "Mediator" in the year. As a result, for his non -standard and conflicting spiritual beliefs, Tolstoy was excidested from the Russian Orthodox Church. The secret police even watched him. His wife was categorically against when Tolstoy was driven by her new beliefs, he wanted to give out all his money and abandon everything superfluous.

Not wanting to encourage the situation, Tolstoy reluctantly agreed to a compromise: he transferred copyright to his wife and, apparently, all the deductions to his work up to a year. Late fiction in addition to his religious treatises, Tolstoy continued to write fiction throughout the X and X. Among the genres were moral stories and realistic fiction. One of the most successful works of that time is the story “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, written in the year.

The protagonist is struggling to fight with death overhanging over him. Ivan Ilyich is horrified by the understanding that he spent his life on trifles, but awareness comes too late. In the year, Tolstoy wrote the story “Father Sergius” - a work of art, in which he criticizes the beliefs that he developed after his spiritual transformation. Next year, he wrote his third voluminous novel "Resurrection".

The work received good reviews, but hardly this success corresponded to the level of recognition of his previous novels. Other later works by Tolstoy are essays on art: this is a satirical play entitled “Living Corpse” G. Old age over the past 30 years of his life, Tolstoy has established itself as a spiritual and religious leader. His ideas about non -violent resistance to evil were similar to the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi.

Over the past few years, Tolstoy reaped the fruits of international recognition. Nevertheless, he was still struggling to reconcile his spiritual beliefs with the tension that he created in his family life. His wife not only did not agree with his teaching, she also did not approve of his students who regularly visited Leo Nikolaevich in the family estate.

Seeking to avoid the discontent of his wife, in October, Tolstoy and his daughter Alexander went into the pilgrimage. Alexandra, the youngest daughter of Tolstoy, should have been a doctor for her elderly father during the trip. Trying not to put their private life to show their private life, they hoped to evade the press, but still sometimes to no avail. Death and heritage unfortunately, the pilgrimage was too burdensome for the aging writer.

In November, the station caretaker in Astapovo opened his house for Tolstoy so that the sick writer could rest. Soon Lev Nikolaevich died. The writer was buried in the family estate, in Yasnaya Polyana. At that time, Tolstoy had a wife and 10 children.