Biology and biography

To share scientists - biologists and their discovery, the role of biologists in the development of medicine, in pharmaceuticals, in the study of the structure of man and the world around us is not just huge, but forms the basis of the development of many sciences. Without their exercises and works, there would now not be even elementary, as it would seem, antibiotics, there would be no whole base of knowledge in the structure of a person, and accordingly, the usual operations would not have been done and the necessary treatment would not be carried out.

In this theory, we have collected scientists and discoveries that are most often found in the exam. Biology originates in ancient times. Descriptions of animals and plants, information about the anatomy and physiology of humans and animals was necessary for the practical activities of people. One of the first attempts to comprehend and bring to the system of phenomena of life, summarize the accumulated biological knowledge and ideas were made by ancient Greek, and later ancient Roman scientists and doctors Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen and others.

At this time, anatomy achieves brilliant success. The creation of a microscope has expanded the possibilities of studying living beings. Robert Hook English physicist, who opened the cellular structure of the plants of Antoni Van Levenguk, Dutchman, who opened unicellular animals and microorganisms. The first to see sperm and red blood cells. There is a need to classify all living organisms, bring them to the system.

At this time, the basics of systematics science are laid. Carl Linnaeus in the year created the first classification of the plant and animal world. Further development was received by physiology - the science of the life of organisms, their individual systems, organs and tissues and processes occurring in the body. Joseph Pristley showed in experiments on plants that they release oxygen - Jean Senebier found that plants under the influence of sunlight absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, these were the first steps to study the central role of plants in the transformation of substances and energy in the Earth’s biosphere, the first step in the new science - plant physiology.

Jean Cuvier is the founder of paleontology. At the turn of the 19th century, paleontology arose that studies fossil residues of animals and plants - evidence of a consistent change - the evolution of life forms in the history of the Earth. Embryology - the science of the embryo development of the body was greatly developed. Back in the XVII century. Harvey formulated the situation: "All living things are from the egg." A special merit in this belongs to the scientist - the natural scientist Karl Baru, who opened the mammalian egg and discovered the community of the structure of the embryos of animals of different classes.

Lamarck - the first evolutionary theory of the organic world is formulated. He was the first, half a century before Darwin, proposed the first holistic concept of evolution the theory of the natural emergence and development of the organic world. Charles Darwin English natural scientist. His merit is the creation of the theory of evolution. In the city, his theory is still a reason for disputes, but the theory of natural selection of the year has found many evidence.

Ernst Haeckel and Fritz Müller The spread of evolutionary theory to ideas about the origin of man led to the creation of a new branch of biology - anthropology. The observation of two independent biologists for ontogenesis of organisms made it possible to form a biogenetic law of Haeckel-Muller. For the first time, the wording sounded in the year. However, the prerequisites for the formation of the law were identified in the 10th years.

In addition, E. Geckel in the city of Schvanno and M. Schleiden in the year of cell theory. So another biological science arose - the cytology of the science of cells and, as a result, the doctrine of the structure of tissues and organs - histology. Louis Pasteur French immunologist and microbiologist. As a result of the discoveries of the French scientist L.

Pasteur, microorganisms are the cause of alcohol fermentation and cause many diseases to independent biological discipline, microbiology became. Pasteur also invented vaccination. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Studies of Mechnikov cover many areas of science. In gg. This became the foundation for the phagocytic theory of immunity. For these developments of swordsmen in G.

But only G. Mendel managed to establish on experience the patterns of heredity so laid the foundations of genetics, which became an independent science in the 20th century. Mendel proved that signs are inherited. Thomas Hunt Morgan American scientist, exploring the giant chromosomes of Flok Drosophila, came to the conclusion that the genes are in cell nuclei, in chromosomes.

He, as well as other scientists, has developed a chromosome theory of heredity. Thus, genetics united to a large extent with the cytology of the cytogenetics, the biological meaning of mitosis and meiosis has become clear. Clement Arkadievich Timiryazev Russian natural scientist, specialist in plant physiology. In the year he studied the processes of photosynthesis. Sergei Gavrilovich Navashin opened a double fertilization mechanism in covered plants in the year.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov physiologist. Known for his teaching about higher nervous activity.He was the first to use the so -called “chronic method” of the experiment, the essence of which is to conduct research on an almost healthy animal. Pavlov formulated the idea of ​​the analytical and synthetic work of the brain, created the doctrine of the analyzers, revealed the systematic work of the large hemispheres, and established the relationship between the brain and the work of all organs.

Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov his main achievement is the discovery of reflexes inhibition centers. Alexander Ivanovich Oparin is a Soviet biologist and biochemist, who spread evolutionary representations to the “pre -Biological” period of the existence of the Earth and put forward the theory of the origin of life from the abiotic components. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, the Soviet scientist, on the basis of the achievements of evolutionary theory and genetics and, as a result of his own long -term research, created the theory of centers of the origin of cultivated plants.

Vladimir Nikolaevich Sukachev laid the foundations of ideas about biogeocenosis. Aleksei Nikolaevich Severstsov, thanks to the development of paleontology and comparative anatomy, clarified the origin of most large groups of the organic world, the morphological patterns of evolution A. with the entry of a person into outer space appeared - a new science - space biology.

In e gg. As a result of these works, it became possible to introduce genes taken from some organisms or even artificially synthesized into the cells of other organisms, for example, the introduction of a gene that encodes insulin synthesis in animals, into bacteria cells. Hybridization of cells of different types became possible - cell engineering. Methods have been developed to grow organisms from individual cells and tissues.

All these achievements are of extremely important practical importance - they have become the basis of the new production industry - biotechnology. The lesson has passed! Methods of scientific knowledge Biological science signs of biological systems Modern areas in biology universal methods of scientific knowledge The levels of organization of living nature of biologists and their discovery private methods of Botanik biology Vegetative organs of plants.

Root, stem vegetative organs of plants.

Liszt Vegetative organs of Plants. Escape double fertilization of flowering life cycles of plants Classification of algae. Department of brown algae classification of algae. Green algae department Classification of algae. Muscles musculoskeletal system. Skeleton of the head of the musculoskeletal system. The skeleton of the limbs is a musculoskeletal system. Skeleton of the body organs of the senses Departments of the digestive system periphiric nervous system Intercession system sexual system reflex arc.

Braking the role of vitamins cardiovascular system structure and function of the nervous system. The central nervous system of tissue in the human body Endocrine system Cytology Biosynthesis Protein Genetic code and its properties two -toy organoids cellular theory Cell cycle meiosis metabolism and basic concepts of the mineral substances of the cell, water mitzers of the cell, the general structure of the cell, the classification of organoids of one -dimensional substances of the cell.

Proteins organic substances of the cell. Lipids organic substances of the cell. Nucleic acids organic substances of the cell. Carbohydrates plastic metabolism. Photosynthesis plastic exchange. Hemosynthesis of the difference between cells of pro- and eukaryotes, differences in the structure of cells of different kingdoms replication of DNA transport of substances in the cell Energetic metabolism in the cell Evolution of living nature Geological era Evolution of evolution Laws and Rules in the theory of evolution Microevolution.

Methods of species determination of the species and population the main evolutionary representations The origin of a person’s path of macro -evolution. Biological progress and regression results of evolution synthetic theory of evolution of the theory of life on Earth forms of struggle for the existence of a form of natural selection of an ecosystem and their inherent patterns.