Peter the first brief biography

The great reformer redrawed Russian society, dividing the country's history into “Petrovskaya” and “pre -Petrine” era, and some of its innovations are alive to this day. All the actions of Peter I in domestic and foreign policy somehow came down to one thing: the emperor sought to increase the country's military and technical power, cut through the “window to Europe” and borrow the best achievements of European civilization.

They brought up the heir to the throne of the nanny, and the not too educated clerk Nikita Zotov taught literacy. Peter I did not receive a systematic European education, lately mastered the letter and wrote with errors. However, the young prince has always been distinguished by a craving for knowledge and studied the new one all his life. He was happy to master crafts and spoke several foreign languages.

Already in early childhood, the prince and a craving for military science were manifested. For Peter’s games, a “funny” regiment from peers of the future emperor was formed. Peter and his associates arranged demonstrative battles, stormed the fortresses and even started artillery with his amusing artillery. Gradually, the “game of soldiers” passed into real military-practical training, and adults began to record among the funny people.

From the children's games of the prince, later the famous Peter's army of the new system grew up, and the funny themselves became its elite guard units - the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments.

The rule of Peter I the path of the future emperor to power was not easy. Crossing the warring boyar clans, the bloody Sagittaries riots and the struggle with the older sister Tsarevna Sophia overshadowed the first years of the reign of Peter I. The emperor carried out the emerging radical reforms against the backdrop of the exhausting northern war. The victory did not force the monarch to rest on his laurels for a long time - a tireless autocrat, the “eternal worker” on the throne worked until the end of the days for the greatness and glory of the empire.

The reign of Peter I. The early years Tsar Fedor Alekseevich, the elder brother of Peter, did not ruled for long. He died in the year, leaving an open question about the throne. The fierce struggle of the two boyar clans - the Naryshkin and Miloslavsky flared up. From the Miloslavsky, the brother of Peter Ivan came, who, in seniority, was supposed to occupy the throne. However, the Boyar Duma decided to crown the kingdom of the healthy and smart prince Peter, and not Ivan - a frail and little man capable of governing the state.

In an attempt to maintain power, the Miloslavsky allowed the rumor that the prince Ivan was killed by the Naryshkin. The bloody Streltsky riot flashed. Although Ivan appeared in front of the archers alive and unharmed, the rebellion continued until many boyars were killed. As a result, the throne was divided by both applicants into the throne. Ivan V was appointed “first” king, and Peter I was “second”.

The regent with them, and in fact, the ruler of the state, became Princess Sofya Alekseevna. The reign of Princess Sophia lasted up to a year. Peter matured, married, which allowed him to officially get rid of his sister’s guardianship, and began to demonstrate his own power. Military power stood behind him - those very loyal regiments devoted to the king, which had long ceased to be “toy”.

Tsar Ivan did not take any participation in state affairs. After his death on January 29 on February 8, the authorities officially passed into the hands of Peter. The last attempt of Sophia and its close associates to return to the government of the state occurred in the year when, during the departure of Tsar Peter, a new Streletsky riot broke out abroad in Moscow. The uprising was brutally crushed.

The mass executions of Sagittarius went down in history as one of the most bloody pages of the Petrine reign. The beginning of the expansion of Russia - gg. Under Tsarevna Sofya, Russia entered the war with the Ottoman Empire, and the task of the young king was not to lose this war. Peter I the Great coped with this task brilliantly: the Constantinople peace treaty of the year strengthened the position of Russia in the south, and the ruler transferred attention to the northwestern borders of the state.

In the spring of the year, the famous Great Embassy went to the countries of Western Europe. It was supposed to solve many problems: to enlist the support of European rulers in the struggle against Turkey and Sweden, to study the state of military and engineering, the political system of European powers, to invite foreigners to the Russian service, to purchase weapons and other goods that were not produced at home.

The embassy visited Austria, Holland and England. A visit was planned to Venice and even to the Pope, but the Streletsky rebellion interrupted the journey of the king. Peter I himself was a member of the Incognito Embassy, ​​under the name of the officer of the Preobrazhensky regiment Peter Mikhailov, however, a remarkable appearance and personal intervention in negotiations issued the sovereign with his head.

During the trip, Peter I actively studied Western technologies. In the Dutch town of Saardam, and later in the English Deptord, the king mastered the science of shipbuilding and worked on shipyards. He visited hospitals, factories, museums, universities, was interested in a variety of crafts - from the engraving technique to the ways of embalming corpses.

Creation of the Russian Empire - GG.The process of modernization and Europeanization of Russia took place against the backdrop of heavy and long wars. In the search for money, soldiers and labor, Peter had to mobilize all the resources of the state, resorting to merciless repression. But by the end of the Petrine reign, Russia entered the European arena as a powerful military and industrial power, and Peter on October 22 on November 2, adopted the title of the Emperor of the All -Russian and the Father of the Fatherland.

Foreign policy is a long-term confrontation with the Ottoman Empire in the south, the exhausting Northern War with Sweden, advancement to the east-these are the main directions of the foreign policy of the great sovereign-reformer. But this foreign policy was not carried out by a single weapon. The successes of Peter's diplomacy are associated with the establishment of close ties with foreign governments, which was facilitated by visits to Europe and the personal acquaintance of Peter with the monarchs of the largest powers.

Military campaigns of Peter the Great - in many ways the annals of the wars that Russia waged in his reign. The brave king never hid in the rear. In the hottest battles, in the thick of events, he risked his life under bullets and inspired his heroism of soldiers and officers. As soon as Peter received the Azov campaigns, and not the nominal power in the Russian state, the war with the Ottoman Empire demanded all his forces.

The main goal of the Russian army was the fortress of Azov, the capture of which gave Russia access to the sea. The first Azov campaign of the year ended in failure. The young king realized that it would not be possible to take the fortress without the support of warships, and work boiled at Voronezh shipyards. Money for the fleet was collected “the whole world”: the sovereign commanded the “kumpanism”, into which the owners of the peasants were united, and each such kumanity was supposed to build and equip the ship.

A year later, in the second campaign, Russia performed not only the ground forces, but also with the sea regiment - the prototype of the modern marine corps. Azov was taken. Russia could not fight alone and on two fronts, so the Northern War began only after a truce with the Ottoman Empire was concluded and the Northern Union was formed - the anti -Swedish coalition of Russia, Denmark, Saxony and the Commonwealth.

The beginning of the Northern War turned out to be difficult for our country. After the defeat of the Russian troops under Narva, on November 19, on November 19, it became obvious how catastrophic Russia was in the military, industrial and economic sphere. Peter I completely reorganized the army management, changed the supply system, put the industry at the army, built a shipyard and a navy.

The result was not long in coming: after two or three years, the Russians went out onto the coast of the Baltic Sea at the mouth of the Neva, capturing the fortress of Noteburg and Niennshants and starting the construction of St. Petersburg. Among the largest victories of the young Russian fleet are the battle of Gangut of the year and under Grengam of the year. The world with Sweden was signed on August 30 on September 10 in Nistadt.

Russia consolidated the vast Baltic territories of Ingria, Karelia, Estland and Livonia and took possession of the access to the sea. Russian-Turkish war-gg. In the year, the Sultan declared war on Russia, and Peter had to fight on two fronts. The sovereign personally led the troops in the direction of the Danube, where he hoped to receive the support of the subject of Turkish of Christians.

This campaign of the year has ended in the deplorable. The army was surrounded by the Prut River. The soldiers brutally suffered from thirst and hunger, the king himself and his environment threatened captured - he had to ask the Turks of the world. The Prutsk Peace Treaty with the Ottoman Empire, and then the Adrianopol world of the year allowed Peter to continue the struggle with Sweden, but took away all the former southern conquests from him.

Azov was returned to Turkey, Taganrog was destroyed, Russia lost the Azov fleet and access to the sea. However, these conditions were much softer than those that Peter initially agreed, desperately rushing in the Prutsk West. Promotion to the east, despite the ongoing wars in the European part of Russia, Peter the Great continued the development of the eastern lands - Siberia, Central Asia, the Far East.

The associate of the sovereign I. Bhahgolts went on an expedition to Siberia in the year and founded the Omsk fortress south of the Irtysh. In - gg. He had to persuade the Khiva Khan to explore whether it was possible to get gold in the Amu Dary, and even lay the way to India. Bekovich’s campaign ended in failure: all his soldiers died or were captured, the leader himself was killed.

Under Peter, the active development of the Far East continued, including Kamchatka. Since the year, the peninsula became part of the Yakut district of the Siberian province. It was with the presentation of the emperor after his death that the expeditions of Vitus Bering to America through the Pacific Ocean were organized. Caspian Persian campaign in - gg. Russia under the rule of Emperor Peter entered a new war - with Persia.

The purpose of the Persian Caspian campaign was the mastery of the territories of the Southeast Transcaucasia and Dagestan. Derbent surrendered in the year of the Russian Army and the Navy, and in the year the western coast of the Caspian Sea, including the Baku fortress, obeyed.The intervention of the Ottoman Empire stopped further conquests, and a few years after the death of Peter the Caspian lands were returned to Persia.

The reforms of Peter I radical transformations of Peter's time affected all the spheres of Russian reality. Among the main ones, military, administrative, financial and church reforms can be called. The military reforms of the dissolution of the Streletsky army and the creation of the Army of the "new system", that is, a regular army organized according to the European model, became the first stage of large -scale military reforms.

Over a couple of decades, Peter “from scratch”, and sometimes we will also recall his studies at the shipyards of Saardam and Deptford built a fleet with all his infrastructure - shipyards, admiralty, forestry enterprises. Gradually, most of the foreigners in military service was replaced by well -trained Russian officers.